Far-right violence and terrorism – September 2023

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Introduction

In September 2023, the global landscape is marked by an alarming presence of terrorism linked to extreme right-wing ideologies. This analysis underscores the paramount significance of this issue in the contemporary world order.

Terrorism, irrespective of its ideological roots, has long posed a grave threat to international peace and security. Recent times, however, have witnessed a distinct shift in this threat landscape. The ascent of extreme right-wing terrorism has introduced a new layer of complexity to the global security equation.

This report aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of extreme right-wing terrorism in September 2023, offering insights into its evolution, and current manifestations. By dissecting the trends, causative factors, and ramifications of this phenomenon, our objective is to foster awareness and inform policymaking while fostering international collaboration to counter this growing menace.

 

United States

White Shooter Kills Three in Florida, Leaves Hate Manifesto

In a tragic attack, a white supremacist unleashed a deadly rampage in Jacksonville, Florida, resulting in the deaths of three innocent individuals before ultimately taking his own life. The authorities, along with Governor Ron DeSantis, confirmed the grim details of the incident. The assailant employed both a long rifle and a pistol bearing a swastika emblem, a chilling symbol of hate. Sheriff T.K. Walters disclosed during a press conference that the assailant had left behind a disturbing “manifesto,” laden with messages of racial hatred.

Governor DeSantis unequivocally condemned the violence, shedding light on the fact that the victims were seemingly targeted based on their race, a reprehensible act by any measure. He went on to say that the assailant chose to end his own life, avoiding facing the consequences of his heinous act, further adding to the tragedy. The identities of the victims remain unknown, as it appears they were randomly chosen within a Dollar General store. Reports suggest that the shooter also fired at passing vehicles nearby. Witnesses described the assailant as dressed in camouflage attire, gloves, and a mask^[1].

Proud Boys Leader Enrique Tarrio Sentenced to 22 Years for Capitol Attack

Enrique Tarrio, former leader of the Proud Boys, has been sentenced to 22 years in prison for his role in orchestrating the far-right extremist group’s attack on the U.S. Capitol in an attempt to prevent the transfer of presidential power after Donald Trump’s loss in the 2020 election. This sentence is the longest among the more than 1,100 Capitol riot cases, surpassing the 18-year sentences received by Oath Keepers founder Stewart Rhodes and former Proud Boys leader Ethan Nordean. Tarrio’s sentencing highlights the violent chaos fueled by Trump’s false claims of election fraud and the influence of right-wing extremists.

Tarrio, who was not present in Washington, D.C., during the Capitol attack, was accused of organizing and leading the Proud Boys’ assault from afar, inspiring his followers with propaganda and charisma. U.S. District Judge Timothy Kelly, nominated by Trump, agreed with prosecutors that the Proud Boys’ actions could be considered “terrorism,” resulting in increased recommended sentences under federal guidelines^[2]. While the prosecutors sought 33 years for Tarrio, he received a 22-year sentence.

Law Enforcement Raids Target Bandidos Motorcycle Club in New Mexico

Federal and state authorities in New Mexico conducted raids across 14 communities, targeting the Bandidos Motorcycle Club in an effort to link the group, associated with the extreme right, to a racketeering conspiracy and other crimes. The operation aimed to gather evidence and involved the execution of search warrants on 25 alleged biker gang members^[3]. The investigation comes amid rising tensions and violence between the Bandidos and rival motorcycle clubs, particularly the Mongols, in the region.

The raids resulted in the seizure of numerous firearms, ammunition, narcotics, stolen police radios, and ballistic vests. Two individuals were arrested, with additional charges pending. Law enforcement emphasized their commitment to combating outlaw motorcycle gang activities, tied to the extreme right, that impact the state’s communities.

Neo-Nazis and White Supremacists Spread Hate Messages Near Disney World and Orlando

Neo-Nazis and white supremacists conducted demonstrations near Disney World and in the Orlando, Florida, area, spreading antisemitic, white supremacist, and anti-LGBTQ messages. In one incident, approximately 15 individuals, associated with neo-Nazi groups like the Order of the Black Sun, Aryan Freedom Network, and 14 First, demonstrated outside the Disney Springs shopping center^[4]. They wore clothing with Nazi insignia and carried flags and signs displaying antisemitic and white supremacist symbols. The extremists dispersed after about two hours, and no arrests were made during the incident.

In a separate incident on the same day, more than 50 members of extremist groups, including the Goyim Defense League and Blood Tribe, gathered in the greater Orlando area. They were seen waving swastika flags, saluting Hitler, and shouting hate-filled slogans, such as “White power” and “Jews will not replace us.”^[5] The Goyim Defense League is known for promoting antisemitic conspiracy theories, while the Blood Tribe advocates white supremacist and anti-LGBTQ ideologies. The incidents have raised concerns about the growing presence of extremist ideologies and antisemitism in the United States. The ADL reported a significant increase in antisemitic incidents in 2022, with 3,697 reported cases, the highest since tracking began in 1979.

White Supremacist Group’s Signs Target Black-Owned Businesses on Martha’s Vineyard

Signs displaying the website of the white supremacist group Patriot Front were discovered outside two Black-owned businesses on Martha’s Vineyard. The Cape and Islands District Attorney, Robert Galibois, confirmed the presence of these signs in Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts, and has initiated an investigation in collaboration with local police departments and Massachusetts State Police detectives. The signs were posted without the owners’ permission, leading to concerns about potential hate crimes. Patriot Front, founded after the “Unite the Right” rally, advocates for the establishment of a white ethnostate in the United States. Their activities include posting propaganda materials, placing banners, and engaging in online recruitment efforts.

Extradited White Supremacist Leader Robert Rundo’s Return Spurs Concerns Over Decentralized Network

Robert Rundo, co-founder of the white supremacist Rise Above Movement (RAM), has been extradited to the United States from Romania to face federal rioting charges. Rundo, who fled the U.S. after his case was temporarily dismissed in 2019, continued to play an active role in the transnational white supremacist movement during his time abroad.

He introduced “white nationalism 3.0,” promoting a decentralized model that spawned localized white supremacist Active Clubs, focused on promoting fraternity, a “white warrior spirit,” and physical training for an impending race war^[6]. Rundo also established propaganda and merchandising arms, Media2Rise and Will2Rise, creating a white supremacist brand and facilitating connections between Active Clubs and other extremist groups. As Rundo returns to the United States to face charges five years after his initial arrest, the Active Club network represents a persistent threat and legacy that will endure long after his potential incarceration.

US Open Spectator Expelled After Zverev Reports Nazi Remark

An attendee was expelled from a US Open match early Tuesday after German tennis player Alexander Zverev complained that the individual had uttered language associated with Adolf Hitler’s Nazi regime. Zverev approached chair umpire James Keothavong and pointed toward the spectator, who was seated in a section behind the umpire. “He just said the most famous Hitler phrase that exists in this world,” Zverev told Keothavong. “This is not acceptable.^[7]”

Keothavong turned, demanded that the spectator identify themselves, and then asked the crowd to show respect to the players. Shortly afterward, during the side change after Zverev held his serve, the spectator was identified by those sitting near him, and security removed him. According to Chris Widmaier, a spokesperson for the United States Tennis Association, “A derogatory phrase was uttered toward Alexander Zverev, the fan was identified and was removed from the stadium.”^[8] Following the match, Zverev said he has received derogatory comments from spectators in the past but never about Hitler.

Neo-Nazi Arrested for Hanging Antisemitic Banners Over Florida Highway

A neo-Nazi, identified as 48-year-old Jason Brown, has been arrested for allegedly hanging swastikas and other antisemitic signs over the Daryl Carter Parkway Bridge in Orlando, Florida, in June. Brown, a member of the white supremacist group Order of the Black Sun, was arrested under Florida’s new law, HB 269, which makes it illegal to display or project images onto buildings without permission. Authorities are still searching for three of Brown’s associates who assisted him on the day of the incident.

The arrest follows recent neo-Nazi demonstrations outside Walt Disney World in Orlando. The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) reported a surge in antisemitic incidents in Florida in 2022, with 269 recorded, mostly in South Florida. The ADL attributes the rise to an increase in white supremacist and right-wing extremist ideology across the country, with 44% of antisemitic incidents in Florida being extremist-related^[9].

Alleged Outcast Motorcycle Gang Member Indicted on Human Trafficking Charges in Georgia

Gerome McGriff, Jr. (aka Lil Savage), a 43-year-old alleged member of the Atlanta Chapter of the Outcast Motorcycle Gang, has been indicted in Clayton County, Georgia, on multiple charges, including Trafficking of Persons for Sexual Servitude, Violation of the Street Gang Terrorism and Prevention Act, False Imprisonment, Aggravated Assault, Armed Robbery, and Possession of a Firearm During the Commission of a Felony.

McGriff is accused of recruiting at least three women for sexual servitude and providing financial proceeds from their exploitation to the Outcast Motorcycle Gang. He is alleged to have used his status as an “enforcer” in the gang to threaten the victims. The case was investigated by the Georgia Bureau of Investigation’s Gang Task Force, the GBI’s Human Exploitation and Trafficking (HEAT) Unit, and the Attorney General’s Human Trafficking Prosecution Unit.^[10]

LeVar Burton and Over 175 Artists Denounce Book Bans by White Supremacists

Actor and LGBTQ+ ally LeVar Burton, along with more than 175 other artists and authors, have signed an open letter urging people to fight against anti-LGBTQ+ book bans that are sweeping the country. The letter condemns far-right politicians like Ron DeSantis for championing draconian laws that seek to ban books and accurate multicultural American history education in favor of promoting a homophobic, transphobic, and white supremacist view of the nation. The Artists Against Book Bans campaign, led by the progressive political group MoveOn, aims to push back against these censorship efforts and protect the freedom of expression in creative fields.^[11]

White Supremacist Leader Pleads Guilty to Threatening New York Journalist

Nicholas Welker, the leader of the White supremacist group Feuerkrieg Division, has pleaded guilty in federal court for conspiring to threaten a Brooklyn-based journalist. This admission comes as a part of his plea agreement, acknowledging his role in intimidating a journalist who was covering his extremist organization. The journalist and their affiliated news organization were not named in court filings. Welker, who also goes by the online monikers “King ov Wrath” and “ilovehate5150,” posted a disturbing image of the journalist with a gun pointed at their head on a public online forum. ^[12]

This act was an attempt to pressure the journalist to cease their reporting on the Feuerkrieg Division, with the image featuring the words “Race Traitor” over the journalist’s covered eyes and a caption that read, “JOURNALIST F*** OFF! YOU HAVE BEEN WARNED.” Welker now faces the possibility of up to five years in prison upon his sentencing in January.^[13]

White Supremacist Pleads Guilty to Threatening Jurors and Witnesses in Pittsburgh Synagogue Shooting Trial

Hardy Carroll Lloyd, a self-proclaimed white supremacist, has pleaded guilty to making online threats towards jurors and witnesses involved in the trial of Robert Bowers, the man who killed 11 congregants at a Pittsburgh synagogue. Lloyd admitted that he targeted the jury and witnesses due to their actual or perceived Jewish faith. He now faces more than six years in prison if the plea agreement is accepted by the court. Lloyd had sent threatening social media posts, emails, and website comments during Bowers’ trial, obstructing the due administration of justice. Attorney General Merrick Garland emphasized that obstructing federal trials through threats or intimidation would be met with the full force of the Justice Department. Lloyd had previously posted online threats that led to his arrest in Texas, where he faced allegations of challenging police officers while carrying a firearm onto the Texas Capitol grounds.

 

Indiana Double Murder Case: Allegations of White Supremacist Sect and Human Sacrifice

Attorneys for the defendant charged with the 2017 murder of two young girls in Indiana have filed a striking 136-page memorandum in court, asserting that crucial evidence suggesting the victims were killed in a human sacrifice by a white supremacist sect practicing an ancient Nordic religion was overlooked by prosecutors. The memo, challenges the search warrant executed on the defendant Richard Allen’s home, contending that it was based on faulty probable cause. It also presents the theory that 13-year-old Abigail Williams and 14-year-old Liberty German were not murdered by Allen but instead fell victim to a ritual killing involving multiple individuals. ^[14]

The defense alleges that Odinism, an offshoot of ancient Nordic paganism, has been co-opted by white supremacists, with several acts of terrorism and murders being attributed to self-proclaimed white supremacist Odinists. The defense further claims that prosecutors concealed evidence linking the double-murder to Odinism, including the presence of sticks arranged at the crime scene to resemble runes, a common element in Odinist symbology.

Right-Wing Extremist Convicted for Aiding in Murder of Federal Officer in Oakland

A federal jury has convicted Robert Alvin Justus, Jr. for aiding and abetting the murder of Protective Services Officer Dave Patrick Underwood and aiding and abetting the attempted murder of a second officer during a drive-by shooting at the Ronald V. Dellums Federal Building and U.S. Courthouse in Oakland, California, in May 2020. Justus, a 33-year-old Millbrae resident, was found to be the driver of the vehicle from which Steven Carrillo, a 35-year-old from Santa Cruz, fired the gunshots that killed Officer Underwood and injured the second officer^[15].

The trial evidence revealed that Justus and Carrillo shared an allegiance to a right-wing anti-government movement known as Boogaloo, with both individuals expressing a strong desire to commit violent acts against federal law enforcement officers and other public servants. The jury convicted Justus of murder of a federal employee and attempted murder of a federal employee, and he now faces a mandatory life sentence in prison.

 

Spain

Franco Regime Torture Victim Testifies to Break “Wall of Impunity” in Spain

Spain has witnessed a significant step towards reckoning with its dark past as a victim of torture during the Franco regime testified before a Spanish judge nearly five decades after the dictator’s death. Julio Pacheco, a 67-year-old retiree, took center stage in a courtroom, marking an unprecedented event in Spanish legal history. For years, Spanish courts had systematically rejected claims associated with the atrocities committed during Franco’s rule, citing an amnesty law passed after the country’s transition to democracy. However, this landmark event signifies a potential shift in the nation’s legal landscape, providing newfound hope for victims and their families who have long sought justice for the crimes committed during the dictatorship.

Julio Pacheco’s testimony carries immense significance, not only for him but for countless others who endured suffering during the Franco era. This event serves as a beacon of hope, suggesting that the time of “impunity” surrounding the crimes of the past might finally be coming to an end.^[16] As Spain reevaluates its historical accountability, it raises broader questions about how nations should confront their dark legacies and deliver justice to the victims, underscoring the importance of acknowledging and addressing historical injustices.

During the trial, the Public Prosecutor’s Office requested an investigation into torture during Franco’s regime for the first time in history.

 

Austria

Austria’s Far-Right Freedom Party Sparks Outrage with Controversial Video

Austria’s far-right Freedom Party (FPOe), expected to perform well in the upcoming elections, has ignited fury by releasing a “frightening” video that glorifies fascist thinkers and references the country’s Nazi history. The two-minute video, produced by the party’s youth wing, combines extremist conspiracy theories about white Europeans being replaced by migrants with images of Notre Dame in flames.

The FPOe’s leader, Herbert Kickl, defended the video, while critics, including Austria’s conservative Chancellor Karl Nehammer and the Greens, condemned its “Nazi imagery” and targeting of journalists as “enemies of the state.” ^[17]With the FPOe’s rising popularity and this video’s disturbing content, it signals a radical shift that sets it apart from other far-right European parties toning down their rhetoric to court mainstream voters.

 

United Kigdom

UK Bans Wagner Group, Linked to Russian Far-Right, as a Terrorist Organization

The United Kingdom has officially declared the Wagner Group a terrorist organization, describing it as “violent and destructive.”^[18] This significant move comes as the UK intensifies its stance against the group, associated with the Russian far-right and its aggressive tactics abroad. A parliamentary order has been drafted to make supporting Wagner illegal, carrying potential sentences of up to 14 years in prison. Additionally, the assets linked to the organization may be classified as “terrorist property” and subject to seizure. ^[19]This decision reflects growing concerns over Wagner’s actions, which have often aligned with the political interests of Russian President Vladimir Putin, further exacerbating international tensions.

The UK’s Minister of the Interior, Suella Braverman, stated that Wagner is “a violent and destructive organization that has acted as a military tool of Vladimir Putin’s Russia abroad.” She emphasized that the group’s continuous destabilizing activities only serve the Kremlin’s political objectives. The move has garnered support from various UK officials, with Prime Minister Rishi Sunak underscoring the need to proscribe Wagner for its actions, which include “tortures, thefts, and barbarism.” The decision sends a resounding message that the UK will not tolerate entities associated with the Russian far-right and their potential threats to democracy and freedom globally.

Terrorism Suspect Who Escaped from London Prison Is Captured

Daniel Abed Khalife, a former British soldier facing terrorism charges, has been captured after a daring escape from Wandsworth Prison in London. Khalife, 21, managed to flee the prison by strapping himself to the bottom of a catering truck used for food deliveries. After a four-day manhunt, he was apprehended while riding a bicycle along a canal path west of London.

Khalife was awaiting trial on charges related to violating Britain’s Official Secrets Act, including gathering information that could be useful to an enemy and planting fake bombs at a military base. He had been discharged from the British army after his arrest earlier this year and had denied the allegations. His trial is scheduled for November.^[20]

 

Germany

98-Year-Old Former Nazi Concentration Camp Guard Charged with Complicity in Holocaust Murders

German authorities have formally accused a 98-year-old man, a former guard at a Nazi concentration camp, of complicity in the murder of over 3,300 people during the Holocaust. This incident falls under the category of “Arrest” as it involves the legal action taken against the accused^[21]. The man, who was a minor at the time of the alleged crimes, is charged with assisting in the cruel and insidious murder of thousands of prisoners while working at the Sachsenhausen concentration camp from 1943 to 1945. He will face trial in a juvenile court due to his age during the alleged offenses. Germany is running out of time to bring the remaining elderly survivors of Nazi war crimes to justice. Last year, a 101-year-old former Sachsenhausen guard was sentenced to five years in prison for complicity in the murder of 3,518 people during the Holocaust ^[22]

Germany Bans Neo-Nazi Group Hammerskins, Cracks Down on Far-Right Extremism

Germany has made a significant move in combating far-right extremism by outlawing the neo-Nazi group Hammerskins, known for its involvement in organizing far-right concerts and promoting racist music. The ban was accompanied by extensive raids on the homes of 28 leading members of the group across the country. Germany’s interior minister emphasized that this action sends a powerful signal against racism and antisemitism, highlighting that right-wing extremism remains a substantial threat to democracy in the country.^[23]

Hammerskins, initially founded in the United States in the late 1980s, is estimated to have around 130 members in Germany. The group’s primary objective was to use concerts as a platform to propagate its far-right ideology. Furthermore, Hammerskins was deeply involved in establishing neo-Nazi music labels, selling antisemitic records, and organizing underground music events. This ban is a significant step in the ongoing effort to combat far-right extremism in Germany and marks the 20th time a right-wing extremist association has been outlawed in the country.

Far-Right AfD Politician Faces Trial for Nazi Slogan

Björn Höcke, the leader of the far-right political party Alternative for Germany (AfD) in the state of Thuringia, is set to face trial for allegedly using a banned Nazi slogan in a speech. The regional court in Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, has accepted the prosecution’s charges for using symbols of unconstitutional and terrorist organizations. However, the trial is expected to take place in the district court of Merseburg, not the regional court as requested by the prosecution.

Höcke is accused of uttering the phrase “Everything for our homeland, everything for Saxony-Anhalt, everything for Germany” during an AfD election campaign event in Merseburg on May 29, 2021, at the end of his speech. It is presumed that he was aware that “Everything for Germany” was a banned slogan associated with the Nazi party’s Sturmabteilung.

 

Argentina

Arrest of Argentine Man for Selling Nazi Literature and Propaganda

Pablo Giorgetti, a 43-year-old Argentine man, has been arrested and charged with violating Anti-Discrimination Law No. 23.592. He operated a website called “Librería-Argentina,” where he sold books containing Nazi content. This case has a history dating back 12 years when Giorgetti’s residence was first raided in 2011. At that time, he was a student in his thirties pursuing degrees in Psychology and Physics at the University of Buenos Aires and was associated with a far-right group called the Grupo Cívico Militar Cóndor. On his website, he offered over 500 books promoting Nazi ideology and propaganda, selling them discreetly and at low prices. However, the recent arrest was prompted by a complaint filed by the DAIA (Delegación de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentina), leading to the closure of Argentina’s largest distributor of Nazi and antisemitic literature. Law enforcement officers found a significant amount of Nazi propaganda material during the raid. Giorgetti now faces charges under Anti-Discrimination Law No. 23.592 for promoting and venerating the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime against the Jewish community.^[24]

 

Australia

White Supremacists Utilize Documentary in Campaign Against Indigenous Voice to Parliament

A documentary called “Red Over Black,” which was created over 40 years ago and initially focused on inflaming the land rights debate in Australia, has resurfaced as a pivotal tool in the campaign against the Indigenous Voice to Parliament referendum scheduled for October 14^[25]. This documentary, which had previously claimed a communist plot behind land rights movements, has now been repurposed by anti-Voice campaigners, with a significant role played by Australian white supremacists.

The appropriation of the film has been used to disseminate anti-Indigenous and anti-Voice sentiments, particularly through platforms like Telegram and Facebook groups. The far-right’s engagement with the documentary has raised concerns of manipulation and the spread of content.

 

Canada

International Outcry Over Homage to Ukrainian Nazi Veteran in Canadian Parliament

A scandal has erupted in Canada following an international outcry over a tribute paid to an ex-combatant of the Waffen-SS in the Canadian Parliament during Ukrainian President Zelenski’s visit. Anthony Rota, the former Speaker of the House, resigned from his position after honoring the former Waffen-SS member in the parliamentary chamber. Rota stated, “This public recognition has caused pain to individuals and communities, including the Jewish community in Canada and around the world, as well as survivors of Nazi atrocities in Poland and other countries.” Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau described the incident as “shameful.” ^[26]

The homage was intended to honor the 98-year-old Yarsolav Hunka, presented as a former fighter who had battled against the Soviet Union to achieve Ukraine’s independence. However, Canadian Jewish organizations revealed Hunka’s Nazi past. The Simon Wiesenthal Center has demanded an apology, and Poland is seeking the extradition of the Nazi criminal, whose unit was involved in the extermination of civilians in the Lublin region in 1944.

 

Graphical Analysis of Far-Right Terrorism in September 2023

In September 2023, the world witnessed a disturbing landscape in extreme right-wing terrorism, with a total of 24 recorded incidents across several countries. Among these events, 14 took place in the United States, showcasing the significant presence of extremist incidents in the country. The United States has recently witnessed an incident that caught international attention: a spectator was expelled from the US Open after making a Nazi remark to Alexander Zverev, highlighting the need to address extremism in various forms. In addition to the United States, Germany reported three extremist events, underscoring the issue’s global reach. The United Kingdom experienced two events tied to extremism, emphasizing the importance of addressing these challenges on a broader scale. Additionally, Argentina, Austria, Spain, Canada and Australia each reported one event, underscoring the global reach of this concerning trend.

In September 2023, incidents related to extreme right ideologies have exhibited a variety of manifestations. The predominant category has been trials, with a total of eight such incidents recorded, highlighting the legal consequences faced by individuals involved in extremist activities. Following closely behind, we find arrests and incitement to violence, further emphasizing the importance of proactive law enforcement measures and early intervention to prevent radicalization.

During September we have also witnessed four acts of violence, demonstrating the tangible threat posed by extremists. Three events have been categorized as legal actions, suggesting legal proceedings or cases that have garnered public attention within the realm of extreme right ideologies. Additionally, one event is categorized as a threat of violence.

One noteworthy act of violence exemplifies the gravity of the situation. In the United States, white supremacist unleashed a deadly rampage in Jacksonville, Florida, resulting in the deaths of three innocent individuals before ultimately taking his own life. This event gained the most international media attention during September 2023.

Throughout the month of September 2030, various extremist incidents have emerged, each associated with distinct ideologies. Among the most prominent, neo-Nazi ideologies have been notably prevalent, accounting for seven of the recorded incidents. This prevalence underscores the ongoing concern surrounding neo-Nazi movements worldwide.

Following closely behind, we find extreme right and white supremacy ideologies, each associated with multiple events, further highlighting the diverse array of extremist beliefs. In Spain, where ongoing trials for crimes during the Franco regime are happening, there have been a notable incident tied to Francois ideology, underscoring the legal and social challenges posed by this ideology. Additionally, the month has witnessed events linked to national supremacy, antigovernment sentiments, and anti-LGBT ideologies, each reflecting specific extremist viewpoints.

Two events have been connected to Nazi war crimes, revealing the enduring global significance of addressing historical injustices and preserving collective memory. The array of extremist ideologies represented in these events emphasizes the multifaceted nature of extremist threats and the importance of countering them effectively.

 

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Prigozhin, Y. (2023, September 6). Reino Unido declara oficialmente al Grupo Wagner “organización terrorista”. Anadolu Ajansı. Retrieved, from https://www.aa.com.tr/es/mundo/reino-unido-declara-oficialmente-al-grupo-wagner-organizaci%C3%B3n-terrorista/2984953

Rabinowitz, H. (2023, September 27). White supremacist leader pleads guilty to threatening New York journalist. CNN. Retrieved from https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/27/politics/nicholas-welker-guilty/index.html

Rouquette, P. (2023, September 16). En España, una víctima del franquismo es escuchada por primera vez por la justicia. France 24. Retrieved from https://www.france24.com/es/europa/20230916-en-espa%C3%B1a-una-v%C3%ADctima-del-franquismo-es-escuchada-por-primera-vez-por-la-justicia

Schmidt, N. (2023, September 1). Alemania acusa a un exguardia de campo nazi de 98 años de ser cómplice de asesinato. Retrieved from https://cnnespanol.cnn.com/2023/09/01/alemania-acusa-exguardia-nazi-98-anos-complice-asesinato-trax/

SentidoG. LeVar Burton y otros 175 artistas denuncian la prohibición de libros por parte de “supremacistas blancos”. (2023, September 21).  Retrieved from https://www.sentidog.com/2023/09/20/levar-burton-y-otros-175-artistas-denuncian-la-prohibicion-de-libros-por-parte-de-supremacistas-blancos/

The Journal Record. Motorcycle club rivalries spark rising concern. (2023, September 3).  Retrieved from https://journalrecord.com/2023/09/03/motorcycle-club-rivalries-spark-rising-concern/

USA Today. Richard Allen murder trial in Indiana: A link to racist cult? (2023, September 22). Retrieved from https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/investigations/2023/09/22/richard-allen-murder-trial-odinist-cult/70924557007/

 

^[1] 2023

^[2] 2023

^[3] HEDDEN  , 2023

^[4] McShane, 2023

^[5] McShane, 2023

^[6] Moon, 2023

^[7] MAHONEY, 2023

^[8] MAHONEY, 2023

^[9] Prieur, 2023

^[10] 2023

^[11] Oviedo, 2023

^[12] Rabinowitz, 2023

^[13] Rabinowitz, 2023

^[14] Carless, 2023

^[15] 2023

^[16] Rouquette, 2023

^[17] 2023

^[18] Bir, 2023

^[19] Bir, 2023

^[20] Mellery, 2023

^[21]Schmidt,  2023

^[22]Schmidt,  2023

^[23] Ertl, 2023

^[24] Ninci, 2023

^[25] Nguyen  et all, 2023

^[26] Sánchez, 2023